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The Employment Situation: A Closely Watched Report

July 21, 2026

Among all the economic indicators released each month, the Employment Situation is one of the most watched. Each monthly report is highly anticipated and can move the markets.

What is the Employment Situation?

Each month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes the Employment Situation Summary (commonly known as the “jobs report”) based on information from the prior month. The data for the report is derived primarily from two sources: (1) a survey of approximately 60,000 households, or about 110,000 individuals (household survey), and (2) an establishment survey of over 650,000 worksites. The information contained in each report includes the total number of employed and unemployed people, the unemployment rate, the number of people working full time or part time, average hourly and weekly earnings, and average hours worked per week. The report on private payroll excludes government workers. Because it is released by the BLS on the first Friday of every month, it provides the first comprehensive status check of the U.S. economy for the preceding month.

What should you look for within the report?

There’s plenty of important data within each report. The labor force includes all people age 16 and older who are classified as either employed or unemployed. Conceptually, the labor force level is the number of people who are either working or actively looking for work. The unemployed includes people who are not employed as of the date of the particular survey, are available for work, and made an unsuccessful attempt to find a job within the four weeks preceding the date of the survey. The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labor force. The information contained in this report can have an impact on the stock market as it relates to interest rate expectations, consumer spending, and corporate earnings.

Why is it important?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, when workers are unemployed, their families and the country can be negatively impacted. Workers and their families lose wages, and the country loses the goods or services that could have been produced. In addition, the purchasing power of these workers is lost, which can lead to unemployment for even more workers.

The data in this report can provide useful information to investors. For instance, a rising unemployment rate may indicate a slowing economy. In this scenario, stock values may decline with falling corporate profits, while bond prices may rise as yields fall in response to lower interest rates. Slower wage growth may be a sign of lower inflation, declining interest rates, and reduced economic productivity.

Conversely, a declining unemployment rate may indicate a growing economy and potentially rising interest rates. In this scenario, stock values may increase with expanding corporate profits, while bond prices may fall for fear of rising interest rates.

Advancing wages may also be a sign of higher inflation and advancing interest rates, as well as greater economic productivity. But if the report is too strong relative to expectations, investors may fear more tightening by the Federal Reserve.

The employment data can influence consumer spending. More people with jobs generally means more disposable income, which should translate to higher sales for retail, tech, and travel companies. Job losses or stagnant wages may signal a future drop-off in spending, which could lead to lower corporate earnings. Even if interest rates stay low, a significant drop in jobs can cause stocks to tumble due to fears of a recession.

How does the jobs report influence the Federal Reserve?

The Federal Reserve’s dual mandate is maximum employment and stable prices. The Employment Situation is the main gauge of the first mandate and an important factor in inflation risk. If the jobs report is stronger than expected during a period of rising inflation, the Fed may assume a more hawkish stance, either delaying interest rate cuts or hiking rates. A weaker-than-expected report with moderating inflation can lead to interest rate cuts. In general, the Fed rarely reacts to a single report, instead making policy moves based on a sequence of strong or weak jobs data.

Other Important Economic Indicators

Unemployment Insurance Weekly Claims Report – provides data on new claims filed, total claims paid, and the unemployment rate
Consumer Price Index – measures changes in the average price of goods and services purchased by consumers
Federal Reserve’s monthly industrial production index – measures monthly and annual changes in output in manufacturing, mining, and utilities

Note:

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